For blender internal materials that is easy. Enter the image name into the find field in the outliner header. Matches will be highlighted in green with material and objects easily visible for each.
For node based materials it is a bit more complicated. Due to the amount of data displayed in Datablocks it is impractical to search through it all, so that feature isn't helpful.
While not practical for complex scenes you will find image texture nodes by expanding Materials then a material, scroll down and you will find Node Tree - open that and Shader NodeTree under it, then you can expand Nodes and see all the nodes used. The node names here correspond to the name in the Node editor properties which can be edited by the user. With Image textures you can scroll down and see the image name used which you can expand to find the full path.
While it doesn't appear to have been updated for a while blender-aid may help.
Looks like node based materials are an are that needs improvement for searching.