EEVEE uses the same node structure as Cycles, and its aim is to make EEVEE materials as consistent as possible with Cycles materials. Ideally, you should be able to preview the result of your Cycles node structure by switching to EEVEE or by using the EEVEE-powered LookDev viewport directly.
This already works perfectly with the nowadays very common texturing workflow that uses the Principled Shader and color/roughness/normal/displacement textures.
However, not every node is present or is fully featured in both renderers equally. This goes both ways: the Shader to RGB node for non photo-realistic (NPR) renders is EEVEE only, as well as the Specular BSDF.
Anisotropic, Holdout, Toon, Velvet, Hair and Principled Hair shaders only work with Cycles, as well as several input nodes: e.g. Particle Info, Bevel.
See Node Support in the Manual for detailed and updated information.
Note that you can have different "Material Output" nodes, one per each render engine, in case you would like to tweak the material independently (e.g. to make use of Cycles-only features in Cycles while faking them somehow in Eevee)