How can I execute a Python script that utilizes the Blender API outside of the built-in Blender terminal? [duplicate]

Question

I am trying to create a script that converts an OBJ file into an FBX file in Blender 2.78:

import sys
import bpy
from bpy.ops import *

importPath = sys.argv[0]
exportPath = sys.argv[1]

objFile = bpy.ops.import_scene.obj(filepath=importPath, 
                                   axis_forward='-Z', 
                                   axis_up='Y', 
                                   filter_glob="*.obj;*.mtl", 
                                   use_edges=True, 
                                   use_smooth_groups=True, 
                                   use_split_objects=True, 
                                   use_split_groups=True, 
                                   use_groups_as_vgroups=False, 
                                   use_image_search=True, 
                                   split_mode='ON', 
                                   global_clamp_size=0.0)

bpy.ops.export_scene.fbx(filepath=exportPath, 
                         check_existing=True, 
                         axis_forward='-Z', 
                         axis_up='Y', 
                         filter_glob="*.fbx", 
                         version='BIN7400', 
                         ui_tab='MAIN', 
                         use_selection=False, 
                         global_scale=1.0, 
                         apply_unit_scale=True, 
                         bake_space_transform=False, 
                         object_types={'ARMATURE', 'CAMERA', 'EMPTY', 'LAMP', 'MESH', 'OTHER'}, 
                         use_mesh_modifiers=True, 
                         use_mesh_modifiers_render=True, 
                         mesh_smooth_type='OFF', 
                         use_mesh_edges=False, 
                         use_tspace=False, 
                         use_custom_props=False, 
                         add_leaf_bones=True, 
                         primary_bone_axis='Y', 
                         secondary_bone_axis='X', 
                         use_armature_deform_only=False, 
                         armature_nodetype='NULL', 
                         bake_anim=True, 
                         bake_anim_use_all_bones=True, 
                         bake_anim_use_nla_strips=True, 
                         bake_anim_use_all_actions=True, 
                         bake_anim_force_startend_keying=True, 
                         bake_anim_step=1.0, 
                         bake_anim_simplify_factor=1.0, 
                         use_anim=True, 
                         use_anim_action_all=True, 
                         use_default_take=True, 
                         use_anim_optimize=True, 
                         anim_optimize_precision=6.0, 
                         path_mode='AUTO', 
                         embed_textures=False, 
                         batch_mode='OFF', 
                         use_batch_own_dir=True, 
                         use_metadata=True)

The script reads the OBJ file from the importPath directory and then converts and exports the converted file to the exportPath directory.

I execute the script like so (from the Blender install directory):

blender --background --python C:\Path\To\Script\script.py

However, I get the error FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'blender'

Here is the full stack trace:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 2, in <module>
  File "C:\Path\To\Script\script.py", line 8, in <module>
    objFile = bpy.ops.import_scene.obj(filepath=importPath, axis_forward='-Z', axis_up='Y', filter_glob="*.obj;*.mtl", use_edges=True, use_smooth_groups=True, use_split_objects=True, use_split_groups=True, use_groups_as_vgroups=False, use_image_search=True, split_mode='ON', global_clamp_size=0.0)
  File "C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.78\scripts\modules\bpy\ops.py", line 189, in __call__
    ret = op_call(self.idname_py(), None, kw)
RuntimeError: Error: Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.78\scripts\addons\io_scene_obj\__init__.py", line 147, in execute
    return import_obj.load(context, **keywords)
  File "C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.78\scripts\addons\io_scene_obj\import_obj.py", line 945, in load
    float_func = get_float_func(filepath)
  File "C:\Program Files\Blender Foundation\Blender\2.78\scripts\addons\io_scene_obj\import_obj.py", line 866, in get_float_func
    file = open(filepath, 'rb')
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'blender'

What does this mean? How can I fix it?