Short Answer
Use the following snippet to get the active render layer's name
bpy.context.scene.render.layers.active.name
Long Answer
Note: These steps build on each other; the complete code is shown at the end.
1. Get the scene
scene = bpy.data.scenes['SceneName']
- gets the scene "SceneName"
scene = bpy.data.scenes[0]
- gets the scene at index 0
scene = bpy.context.scene
2. Get the render layers
layers = scene.render.layers
- gets the render layers of the current scene (context.scene)
3. Get the active layer
active = layers.active
4. Get its name
name = active.name
Summary:
scene = bpy.context.scene # get the scene
layers = scene.render.layers # get the list of layers
active = layers.active # get the active layer from the list
name = active.name # get the name of the active layer