If you mouse over a field in blender it, amongst other things, gives you the script path
bpy.data.scenes["Scene"].render.line_thickness
For most scripts we use context
. If we are in scene "Scene" it is the context scene, rather than look it up from bpy.data.scenes
import bpy
from bpy import context # for testing
scene = context.scene
#set line thickness to 2.0
scene.render.line_thickness = 2.0
Or in the python console, where C = bpy.context
for convenience.
>>> C.scene.render.line_thickness
1.0
>>> C.scene.render.line_thickness = 3.0